如何理解最高人民法院《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问
时间:2012-02-12 13:38
来源:阿东
作者:挥翅膀的小猪
中国法律网
医疗人身损害赔偿纠纷案件涉及的法律问题
医疗人身损害赔偿纠纷案件主要涉及如下几个问题:
1、构成医疗事故的举证责任如何分配?
2、构成医疗事故,当事人一方按照一般医疗纠纷向人民法院起诉时,人民法院应当如何适用法律?
3、不构成医疗事故的医疗行为造成的人身损害赔偿纠纷,侵权人应否承担责任,如果承担,按照何种标准承担责任?[1]
这些问题的产生,主要是由于人们对法律规定的认识理解的不一致,或者是由于最高人民法院在2003年12月26日公布的《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》出台以后,由于赔偿的标准不统一而产生的结果。
对于第一个问题,即举证责任分配问题,2002年4月1日生效的最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》第4条第2款第8项规定,因医疗行为引起的侵权诉讼,由医疗机构就医疗行为与损害结果之间不存在因果关系及不存在医疗过错承担举证责任。这个规定与民事诉讼法中“谁主张谁举证”的方式正好相反。这意味着从2002年4月1日开始,在我国医疗侵权诉讼中,开始实行举证方式的改革,患者不再承担对“医疗行为与损害结果的因果关系及医疗过程无差错”的举证责任,上述两项责任由医疗机构来承担。
那么,在这种规定下,是不是意味着医疗损害侵权纠纷案件的举证责任全部由医疗机构来承担?我们姑且不谈此规定是否合理,因《侵权责任法草案》对此已有了不同的规定。[2]仅就此规定本身而言,我认为,对它的理解不能片面。这种特殊的举证责任分配方式,是由这类法律关系的特殊性和当事人双方的举证能力决定的,其目的是为了更好的体现公平原则和诚实信用原则。由于这类诉讼中所涉及的医方是否有过错、医疗行为与损害结果之间是否存在因果关系,这些专业性很强的证据大多控制在医疗机构,患方难以占有、接近和收集,在当事人双方举证能力有很大悬殊的情况下,司法解释根据法律的原则,确定医疗机构对这方面的事实负有证明责任,这是符合举证责任的内在要求和审判规律的,也是公平的。最高法院解释确定这个规定的依据主要有三点:一是患者的医学知识非常有限,且其在治疗过程中也处于被动服从的地位,医疗机构则通过检查、化验等手段掌握和了解患者的生理、病理状况,制定治疗方案,熟悉治疗过程;二是按照举证责任的实质分配标准,举证责任应当由距离证据最近,或者控制证据源的一方当事人负担。诊疗过程中的检查、化验、病程记录都由医疗机构实施并掌握,医疗机构是控制证据的源,是距离证n+730;+4399Box.1201) 200 0 0
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