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				<h2>妥善审理农村土地承包经营纠纷初探</h2>
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				<small>时间:</small>2011-11-19 17:13<small>来源:</small>刘bjqqk <small>作者:</small>小焦 <a href="http://5law.cn" target="_blank">中国法律网</a></div><!-- /info -->
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  	<h1>妥善审理农村土地承包经营纠纷初探</h1>

    来源： 作者： 姜怀友 时间：2007/04/20  
 推荐房地产<a href='http://www.5law.cn/lawyer/' target='_blank'><u>律师</u></a>：
    
		近年来，党中央、国务院出台了一系列农村新政策，各地陆续取消农业税，这极大地调动了农民种地的积极性，农村土地热现象再次出现，被抛荒、代耕 、流转的土地，成为当前农村社会矛盾的焦点。农村土地承包经营纠纷不断出现，不少还是群体性纠纷。就涟水县人民<a href='http://www.5Law.cn/info/a/fayuan' target='_blank'><u>法院</u></a>而言，
    

    <p></p>
<p> 近年来，党中央、国务院出台了一系列农村新政策，各地陆续取消农业税，这极大地调动了农民种地的积极性，<a href='http://www.5law.cn/info/a/minshang/jiaotong/2011/1118/47295.html' target='_blank'>夫妻与第三人财产之争如何进行举证</a>。农村&ldquo;土地热&rdquo;现象再次出现，被抛荒、代耕 、的土地，成为当前农村社会矛盾的焦点。农村土地承包经营纠纷不断出现，不少还是群体性纠纷。就涟水县人民法院而言，2004年受理此类纠纷共31件，占全年收案总数的1.7%，2005年月1&mdash;5月份受理此类纠纷计29件，占收案总数的3.6%。从统计数据看，今年仅5个月时间，此类纠纷数量与去年全年基本相同，且占收案总数的比例翻了一倍之多。大量土地承包经营纠纷的出现，给农村农业生产和社会稳定带来诸多不利因素，如何妥善审理农村土地承包经营纠纷，已摆上基层人民法院的议事日程。本文拟从争议受理、案由确定、审理原则和案例分析等四个方面入手，对农村土地承包经营纠纷案件的审理作一初探。<a href='http://www.5law.cn/info/a/minshang/jiaotong/2011/1117/45470.html' target='_blank'>http://www.5law.cn/info/a/minshang/jiaotong/2011/1117/45470.html</a>。</p>

<p>    一、争议受理</p>

<p>    根据《中华人民共和国农村土地承包法》规定，因农村土地承包经营发生的纠纷，双方当事人可以通过协商解决；也可以请求村民委员会、乡（镇）人民政府和县级农村土地承包主管部门调解解决；当事人不愿协调或调解不成的，可以直接向人民法院起诉。</p>

<p>    2004 年12月17日，《江苏省农村土地承包经营权保护条例》经江苏省第十届人民代表大会常务委员会第十三次会议通过，并自2005年3月1日起施行。该《条例》，是我省法院系统受理农村土地承包经营纠纷的主要依据，《条例》第36条规定，因土地承包经营发生纠纷，当事人直接向人民法院起诉的；当事人对农村土地承包仲裁委员会作出的仲裁裁决不服，向人民法院起诉的；当事人申请人民法院执行生效的仲裁裁决的，看看<a href='http://www.5law.cn/info/a/minshang/jiaotong/2011/1117/42984.html' target='_blank'>交通事故</a>。人民法院应当受理。《条例》第41条同时规定，无正当理由拒绝受理依法提起的土地承包经营纠纷诉讼的，由有权机关责令改正，情节严重的，对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予行政处分。</p>

<p>    稳定和完善农村土地承包关系，是我国农村政策的基石。人民法院应站在政治高度充分认识到，妥善受理和解决农村土地承包经营纠纷，是进一步落实党和国家的农村政策，稳定和完善农村土地承包关系的重要任务，对维护农民的合法权益，构建农村和谐社会具有重要作用。</p>

<p>    二、案由确定</p>

<p>    （一）农业承包</p>

<p>    农业承包<a href='http://www.5law.cn/hetong' target='_blank'><u>合同</u></a>是指农业集体经济组织或者村民委员会通过自愿协商、公开招标等方式，将集体所有的或者国家所有由集体经济组织使用的土地，发包给承包人，由承包人独立经营，完成规定的上交任务后，享有<a href='http://www.5law.cn/hetong' target='_blank'><u>合同</u></a>规定收益的协议。</p>

	
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<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">“在我被抓之前的三四次偷盗中，我就知道早晚会被抓到……我恳求法院给我一个机会，我能改造好。”10月9日上午，因在大学食堂连续盗窃17次而走上被告席的在读研究生吴某在法庭上忏悔。在庭审现场，吴某的辩护人与公诉人就“心瘾性犯罪”、“吴某行为的社会危害性”进行了激烈的辩论。对于此案，法官表示将择日宣判。</P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">今年4月29日中午，岛城某大学食堂内熙熙攘攘，学生们像往常一样拿书包占位后去打饭，此时食堂门口出现了一个穿浅色衣服、学生模样的年轻人，他的眼睛不断打量着空位上的包，随即他拿起一个餐桌上放着的电脑包就要离开。“这是你的包吗？”坐在旁边的女生一句质问，让此人惊慌失措起来，他放下包就走，学校的保安及时发现，把他抓获并送到了派出所。</P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">经民警讯问，该男子姓吴，是青岛某重点大学的在读研究生，因家中较为困难，便想“攒”点学费和生活费。由于办补习班的想法没得到家里人的支持，吴某便去大学食堂当起了偷包贼，从2010年3月至4月底，吴某每逢周一、周三、周五便“光临”青岛科技大学、青岛大学等高校的食堂，他利用大学生拿包占座疏于防范之机，连续行窃17次，偷得手机、MP3、手表等物品若干及现金近1200元。</P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><STRONG>庭审激辩“心瘾性犯罪”PK“破坏大学生之间的信任” </STRONG></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">10月9日上午，崂山法院公开审理了这起颇受关注的研究生盗窃案，记者在现场看到吴某的父亲来庭旁听，不过他不愿多说什么，只是表示希望各方别给孩子太多压力。10时许，吴某被带进庭审现场。庭审一开始吴某就表示认罪，并对检方公诉人所提出的证据没有异议，他说，自己家里比较困难，其原本就想偷够1000元，算是“攒”点学费减轻家里的负担，没想到造成这样严重的后果，“其实我不糊涂，在我被抓前的三四次偷窃中，就感觉要被抓”。</P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">接下来，吴某的辩护律师提出了几点辩护理由，他强调吴某只是在大学食堂作案，而这只是钻了大学生防范心理<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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				<h2>曹刚：简论反不正当竞争民事救济程序的诉权配置问题</h2>
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				<small>时间:</small>2011-11-19 18:15<small>来源:</small>不是美人鱼 <small>作者:</small>白痴股王 <a href="http://5law.cn" target="_blank">中国法律网</a></div><!-- /info -->
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  	<h1>曹刚：简论反不正当竞争民事救济程序的诉权配置问题</h1>

    来源：中国<a href='http://www.5law.cn/chanquan' target='_blank'><u>知识产权</u></a><a href='http://www.5Law.cn/info/a/sifa' target='_blank'><u>司法</u></a>保护网 作者： 时间：2011/10/24  
 推荐<a href='http://www.5law.cn/chanquan' target='_blank'><u>知识产权</u></a><a href='http://www.5law.cn/lawyer/' target='_blank'><u>律师</u></a>：
    
		【内容提要】 本文在介绍国外反不正当竞争民事救济诉权配置概况的基础上，详细考察了我国反不正当竞争民事救济诉权配置的基本情况，指出了现行民事诉权配置模式存在的问题和不足，并提出改进的若干意见，以期为完善我国不正当竞争民事救济制度提供参考。 【关键词】 不
    
    <p></p>
<p>【内容提要】  本文在介绍国外反不正当竞争民事救济诉权配置概况的基础上，详细考察了我国反不正当竞争民事救济诉权配置的基本情况，指出了现行民事诉权配置模式存在的问题和不足，并提出改进的若干意见，以期为完善我国不正当竞争民事救济制度提供参考。</p>
<p>【关键词】    不正当竞争  民事诉讼   诉权配置</p>
<p> </p>
<p>一、反不正当竞争民事诉权配置概说</p>
<p>制止不正当竞争行为不仅符合具有竞争关系的经营者的利益，而且也符合消费者和公众的利益。所以，从理论上讲，应当赋予任何遭受现实或潜在损害的市场主体以基本的诉权，以保障这些利益主体具有为获得救济而启动民事诉讼程序的权利。但是，由于诉权配置本身需要讲求成本与效率、必要与可行的关系，所以进行现实的诉权配置必须满足这些制度设计的基本原理和规则。实际上，任何一个国家或地区的法律也都无法在事实上赋予所有的市场竞争参与者或利益受到影响的当事方以民事起诉的权利。</p>
<p>一般来讲，在发生不正当竞争违法行为的情况下，具有直接动因并积极寻求民事救济的主体，主要是从事经营活动的竞争者和遭受损害的消费者。市场竞争行为的本质目标是同其他经营者争夺交易机会，任何竞争行为都直接或间接的影响到其他经营者的竞争地位或竞争形势，因此从事市场竞争的经营者是援引反不正当竞争法寻求救济的最重要的群体。市场经营者群体也就当然地成为民事诉权配置首先顾及的主体。</p>
<p>就从事市场竞争的经营者来讲，存在直接的竞争关系必然会赋予当然的起诉权，但大部分国家认为存在潜在的竞争关系也应当赋予起诉权，以从更大范围内保障受到不正当竞争行为影响的经营者具有寻求救济的充分机会。而且各国<a href='http://www.5Law.cn/info/a/fayuan' target='_blank'><u>法院</u></a>在考察是否存在直接或潜在的竞争关系的问题上，也都采取了越来越宽松的态度，这也在客观上放宽了享有诉权寻求救济的市场主体。</p>
<p>需要注意的是，如果将提起诉讼的权利不仅仅限于从事市场竞争的经营者，而且赋予其他受到不正当竞争行为现实或潜在影响的市场主体，对于实现反不正当竞争法规制市场竞争的目的，增强法律的操作性具有非常的重要作用。巴黎公约第10条之3还要求，成员国必须采取措施，允许代表有利害关系的工业家、生产者和商人的联合会和协会，就所发生的不正当竞争行为向法院起诉，只要提供保护的国家容许这么做。</p>
<p>在重视消费者利益的法律理念影响下，<a href='http://www.5law.cn/info/a/minshang/jiaotong/2011/1118/47515.html' target='_blank'>海南省企业职工安置办法</a>。出现了赋予消费者以制止不正当竞争行为独立权利的立法倾向。在基于消费者利益提起的诉讼中，当然不需要强调原被告之间的直接或潜在的竞争关系。但是，在考虑是否实际授予消费者诉权的问题上，也确实存在很多顾虑。在美国，虽然《联邦商标法》第43条第1款表明某人的行为违背了该条规定时，任何人只有认为自己的利益有可能受到损害，都可以提起诉讼。但实际的司法实践中，法院并不承认消费者提起诉讼的权利。[2]消费者离散的特点，导致无法实现广泛的诉权配置制度。另外，立法上还有对基于消费者利益提起诉讼的权利和方式，进行专门规定的情况。例如，瑞典和挪威的&ldquo;消费者巡视官&rdquo;或墨西哥的联邦消费者事务局，也是专门作为代表消费者的民事起诉人，向法院提出诉讼。《欧共体误导广告指令》也规定，那些依国内法被视为对此拥有合法利益的组织，必须设立专门机构，向法院或行政主管机关就不正当广告提起诉讼或投诉。但是值得注意的是，在消费者组织享有诉权的体制下，尽管诉权享有的前提是竞争行为对消费者组织的成员造成了普遍性损害，但是由消费者组织提起的反不正当竞争民事诉讼主要目的在于请求停止正在持续的不正当竞争行为，只是在特别例外的情况下，消费者组织才能代表其成员请求损害赔偿。[3]</p>
<p>当然，如果是涉及消费者人数众多的不正当竞争行为，提起诉讼也可以参照民事诉讼的相应规则处理。例如，美国的&ldquo;集团诉讼&rdquo;的救济机制。集团诉讼是指为处境相同且利益相关的一群人提供的一种诉讼手段。在集团诉讼中，只需由其中一个或一个以上的人代表起诉或应诉，毋需每个成员参加诉讼的，但裁决结果可以适用其他的人。</p>
<p>德国建立了复杂的民事救济诉权配置体制，借以调动社会各方力量监督和制止不正当竞争。德国制止不正当竞争行为主要依赖于个人当事人的投诉，德国法律授予竞争者、消费者团体和其他组织起诉的能力。[4]以误导行为为例，德国《反不正当竞争法》第3条反误导行为的规定，首先旨在保护竞争者，因此，受到引人误解行为损害的竞争者，享有请求行为人停止侵害的诉权。除保护竞争者外，你看<a href='http://www.5law.cn/info/a/minshang/jiaotong/2011/1118/46531.html' target='_blank'>交通事故</a>。第3条还保护消费者利益，因此消费者团体、<a href='http://www.5law.cn/gongshang' target='_blank'><u>工商</u></a>利益促进团体、<a href='http://www.5law.cn/gongshang' target='_blank'><u>工商</u></a>业公会或手工业公会，也享有请求行为人停止侵害和排除妨碍的诉权（该法第13条第2款第2-4项）。这里需要说明的是，德国《反不正当竞争法》第3条规定旨在保护作为整体的消费者利益，因此单个的消费者，不享有起诉权，不能基于该条规定单独提起诉讼。</p>
<p>从上述的介绍可以看出，反不正当竞争法中对于诉权配置问题的考虑，比一般民事法律中的诉权配置更为复杂。在一般关于民事权利保护的法律中，诉权的配置仅仅限于遭受侵害的权利主体。反不正当竞争法作为一种以设定义务为立法方式的法律，其配置诉权的基本目标，不仅在于为遭受违法行为损害的人提供救济，而且在于通过在一定程度上扩大诉权配置的范围，以强化对违法行为制裁的效率和广度。</p>
<p>从这个角度上理解，反不正当竞争法考虑诉权配置的基础至少是在两个方面：一是通过诉权的配置和行使，使得遭受不正当竞争行为损害的人能够启动救济程序，从而获得损害上的补救；二是通过诉权的配置和行使，使得更为广泛的市场主体，在满足司法效益的基础上启动民事诉讼程序，以更为有效的制止不正当竞争行为。</p>
<p>二、我国现行法上民事诉权配置状况的考察</p>
<p>我国《反不正当竞争法》第二十条第二款规定：&ldquo;被侵害的经营者的合法权益受到不正当竞争行为损害的，可以向人民法院提起诉讼。&rdquo;我国《民事诉讼法》第一百零八条第一款第一项规定：&ldquo;原告是与本案有直接利害关系的公民、法人和其他组织&rdquo;。</p>
<p>在最高人民法院作为草案发布的《关于审理不正当竞争民事案件应用法律若干问题的解释》第三十二条第二款，曾经规定：&ldquo;属于反不正当竞争法第五条第（四）项和第九条第一款规定的不正当竞争行为，其受损害的对象可能是特定的，也可能是不特定的。当受损害的对象是不特定的多个经营者时，任何直接受损害的经营者均可以向人民法院提起不正当竞争诉讼。&rdquo;</p>

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				<h2>诉讼时效总结</h2>
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				<small>时间:</small>2011-11-19 18:16<small>来源:</small>logos <small>作者:</small>青子盼乌衣 <a href="http://5law.cn" target="_blank">中国法律网</a></div><!-- /info -->
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				<tr><td><td>一年
<p>1、《民法通则》第136条 下列的诉讼时效期间为一年： <br>（1）身体受到伤害要求赔偿的； <br>（2）出售质量不合格的商品未声明的； <br>（3）延付或者拒付租金的； <br>（4）寄存财物被丢失或者损毁的。 <br>2、《海商法》第257条第1款 就海上货物运输向承运人要求赔偿的请求权，时效期间为一年，自承运人交付或者应当交付货物之日起计算；在时效期间内或者时效期间届满后，被认定为负有责任的人向第三人提起追偿请求的，时效期间为九十日，自追偿请求人解决原赔偿请求之日起或者收到受理对其本人提起诉讼的<a href='http://www.5Law.cn/info/a/fayuan' target='_blank