| 第二节英文合同的用词特点(Wording)作为正式法律文件，英语合同在用词方面极其考究，要求选词专业(professional),正式(formal),准确(accuracy)。具体体现如下:1.专业性术语(TechnicalTerms/Terminology)法律专业性术语是在合同等法律文件中才用到的词汇，它并不以一般受众为对象，而针对专业人士，力求使语言表达准确无误。中文合同中常见的诸如"瑕疵"(defect)、"救济"(remedy)、"不可抗力"(forceMajeure)、"管辖"(jurisdiction)等专业用词就已经让非专业人士大惑不解了，英文合同的专业用词自然就更玄妙无比了。具体的实例如下:lWithoutprejudicetotheparties'rightsunderClause18.1,theindemnitiesprovidedforinClausel6.1and/or16.2and/or16.3shallbethesolecompensationforthedamagescausedbysuchdelays.不妨害18.1款双方的权利，16.1,16.2及16.3款规定的赔偿应为上述延误引起损害的唯一赔偿金。indemnities较compensation专业，此处用compensation解释了indemnities;lAnysuchassignment,transferorconveyanceshallbewithoutotherconsiderationthanthemutualcovenantsandconsiderationsofthisagreement.任何转让除根据本协议相互契约和对价外不得考虑其他。Transfer，assignment和conveyance都有转让的含义，其中assignment和conveyance(多用于不动产)尤为专业。lWeadviseyouofourintentiontoterminateourtenancyonorbefore_(Date)andtodelivertoyoufullpossessionofthepremises。我方不迟于某日期通知你方终止租约并交还房屋全部所有。tenancy指房屋租赁的租约，而premises指租赁的房屋及其附属物都是专业用语。lLicenseeagreestopaytoLicensoraminimumroyaltyof_Dollars($_)asaminimumguaranteeagainstroyaltiestobepaidtoLicensorduringthefirstcontractterm,saidminimumroyaltytobepaidonorbeforethelastdayoftheinitialtermhereto.受许可方同意支付许可方最低使用费*美元作为该许可合同第一期使用费的最低保证金，该最低使用费不迟于本合同的入门期最后一天支付给许可方。Royalties在许可合同中专指特许权使用费。lPriceoftheContractshallbecalculatedonRoyaltyinaccordancewiththecontentandscopestipulatedinArticle2totheContractandshallbepaidin_.按照第二条规定的内容和范围。本合同采用提成方式计算价格，事实上创业人物故事。计价的货币为___。与上例不同的是，这里的royalty指的是许可合同计价方式的一种即提成计价(royaltyprice),相对于统包价格(lumpsumprice)lDefaultinobservingorperforminganyofthecovenantsoragreementsofdebtorsetforthinanycollateraldocumentofsecuritygiventosecureindebtednesshereunder,andthecontinuationofsuchdefaultbeyondanyperiodofgracespecifiedinanysuchdocument.借款人未能履行契约或附带的担保文件列明的协议，以及该违约的持续超过上述文件规定的宽限期。在借款合同中grace专指宽限期，而不是普通英语的其他意思。lFurthermore,thepartiesagreethatthefollowingsituationsshallbeconsideredasexceptionalcircumstanceswhichjustifytheearlierterminationbytheotherparty:bankruptcy,moratorium,receivership,liquidationoranykindofcompositionbetweenthedebtorandthecreditors,oranycircumstanceswhicharelikelytoaffectsubstantiallyoneparty'sabilitytocarryouthisobligationsunderthiscontract。此外，双方同意以下条件应认为是对方合理提前终止合同的例外情形:破产、延付令、破产在管、清算或其他债权人和债务人任何形式的和解，或任何可能对一方履行合同项下义务能力造成实质影响的情形。此处的composition显然不是普通英语中"作文"的意思，而是指破产和解。lInaddition,uponrequestoftheBoardandiftheLiquidatingTrusteedeterminesthatitwouldbeimprudenttodisposeofanynon-cashassetsoftheCompany,suchassetsmaybedistributedinkindtotheMembersinlieuofcash,proportionatelytotheirrighttoreceivecashdistributionshereunder.另外，应董事会请求且如果清算托管人确定处理本公司非现金财产非明智之举，该财产可按各成员根据合同项下收取现金份额的权利以实物形式替代现金进行分配。Inkind此处与incash相对，通常用于合资、合伙协议中表示"以实物出资"，本句中是以实物分配清算。Inlieuof表示替代相当于基础英语中的insteadof。lTheBuyershallestablishthecoveringletterofcreditbeforethedatespecifiedinClauseThreeofthisSalesConfirmation,failingwhichtheSellerreservestherighttorescindwithoutfurthernotice,ortoacceptwholeoranypartofthisSalesConfirmationnotfulfilledbytheBuyer,ortolodgeaclaimforlossessustained,ifany.买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定的日期之前开出本批交易的信用证。否则，售方有权不经通知取消本确认书，或接受买方对本销售确认书未履行的全部或一部分，或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。创业政策樊哙狗肉加盟条件。Reserve为专用词汇，我们常见的"版权所有"英语表达就是Allrightsreserved。Rescind(取消合同/协议)和lodge(提出索赔，对比一下合同。与claim(s)连用)也都是专业用语。lIncaseonepartydesirestosellorassignallorpartofhisinvestmentsubscribed,theotherpartyshallhavethepreemptiveright.如一方欲出售或转让其所投资的部分或全部，另一方应有优先购买权。Assign(其名词形式assignment)和Preemptive属专业用语。2.正式用语(FormalTerms)英文合同，习惯采用书面的形式，合同往往使用正式的书面用语，较少使用口头用语，以显示合同正规、严肃。具体实例如下:lAttherequestofPartyB,PartyAagreestosendtechnicianstoassistPartyBtoinstalltheequipment.应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。assist较help正式;lThepersonnelshallnottopartakeinanypoliticalactivitiesinIraq.所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partakein较takepartin正式;来源:(-英文合同解读(三)_kevin_新浪博客lTheEmployershallrendercorrecttechnicalguidancetothepersonnel.雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。render较give正式;lPartyAshallrepatriatethepatienttoChinaandbearthecostofhispassagetoGuangzhou.甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。repatriate较sendback正式;lThisContractshallbegovernedbyandconstruedinaccordancewiththelawsofChina.本合同受中国法律管辖，并按中国法律解释。construe较explain,interpret正式;inaccordancewith较accordingto正式。lTheEmployermayobjecttoandrequiretheContractortoreplaceforthwithanyofitsauthorizedrepresentativeswhoisincompetent.雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时，可以反对并要求立即撤换。require较ask正式;而且，require表示上对下的要求，ask没有这么明确，它含有request和require之意，合同。其中request表示下对上的要求，即"请求"公文体forthwith较atonce正式;lTheChairpersonmayconveneandpresideaninterimmeetingbasedonaproposalmadebyone-thirdofthetotalnumberofdirectors.董事长可以根据董事会过1/3董事的提议而召集主持临时董事会议。Convene较hold正式，preside较beinchargeof正式，interim也是正式用词较temporary正式。lInprocessingtransactions,themanufacturersshallneverhavetitleeithertothematerialsorthefinishedproducts.加工贸易中，厂方无论是对原料还是成品都无所有权。title较ownership正式。lTheterm"Effectivedate"meansthedateonwhichthisAgreementisdulyexecutedbythepartieshereto."生效期"指双方合同签字的日子。execute较sign正式;lThesubmissiontoandconsentbytheEngineerofsuchprogramsortheprovisionofsuchgeneraldescriptionsorcashflowestimatesshallnotrelievetheContractorofanyofhisdutiesorresponsibilitiesundertheContract.向工程师提交并同意的上述进度计划或提供上述一般说明或现金流量估算，并不解除合同规定的承包人的任何义务或责任。Consent和estimate都是正式用词;lTheAppendixheretoshall,throughthecontractperiod,bedeemedtobeconstruedasanintegralpartofthisContract.整个合同期间，本合同附件应理解为合同不可分割的一部分。deem较consider正式。lThepartiesshallworktogetherinordertoendeavourtoachievethetimelycompletionoftheProjectinaccordancewiththeProjectScheduleasAnnex4accordingtowhichtheconstructionperiodshallbe_yearsfromthecommencementdate.双方共同努力确保按附件四的工程进度表及时竣工，根据该工程进度表工期应从开工日起*年。Commencement较starting、beginning正式。3.同、近义词、相关词并列(ParallelSynonyms,ParasynonymsandAssociated/BinomialExpressions)在英文合同中同近义词或相关词成对或多个并列连用，使合同周密严谨，以减少漏洞和争议。lThisagreementismadeandenteredintobyandbetweenPartyAandPartyB.本协议由甲方与乙方签订。句中made与enteredinto同义，而by与between相关。lPartyAagreestopurchasefromPartyBthefollowingcommodityunderthetermsandconditionssetoutbelow:甲方同意按照下列条款向乙方购买如下商品:terms和conditions同义，往往并列连用表示合同的条款。lPartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyordersorttocollectanyaccountonandafterSeptember20.自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。On与after相关词连用用以明确时间。lAnypartnerorhis/heragent,mayreviewanyandallaccountingorotherrecordsatanytime.任何合伙人或其代理人，可随时审查任一或全部会计账目或其他记录。Any与all相关词连用，表达更为严谨。lThedecisionbysucharbitrationshallbeacceptedasfinalandbindinguponbothparties。该仲裁裁决为终局裁决，双方均受其约束。Final和binding属相关词连用。lTheCompanyherebyreleasesanddischargesPartyAfromfurtherperformanceof,andanyduties,obligationsorliabilitiesunder,theamendedAgreement.本公司特此解除甲方已修正协议的进一步履行及其修正协议下的义务和责任。Release和discharge相关词连用，duty，obligation和liability属近同义词连用。lIftheContractorshalldulyperformandobservealltheterms,provisions,conditionsandstipulationsofthesaidContract,thisobligationshallbenullorvoidbutotherwiseshallbeandremaininfullforceandeffect.如果承包人切实履行并遵守上述合同的所有条款、条件及规定，此义务即告终止，否则将保持完全有效。句中terms,provisions,conditions，stipulations为一组同义词，意为合同的条款及规定，null和void，be和remain，force和effect也都是同义连用。lWhilethisagreementisineffect,theAuthorshallnot,withoutthepriorwrittenconsentofthePublisher,write,edit,print,orpublish,orcausetobewritten,edited,printedorpublished,anyothereditionoftheWork,whetherrevised,supplemented,corrected,enlarged,abridged,orotherwise….lMaybefixedorvariedfromtimetotimeatandinaccordancewiththesolediscretionandopinion(责任编辑：admin) |
