失地、失业、苛捐杂税不仅导致农民的收入减少,而且逼使他们离乡背井、流入城市,成为城市贫民的主力。农民失去土地财产权利的直接后果是失去土地,而失去土地意味着无家可归,许多当年有地有业的农民现在不得不加入城乡的贫民阶层。[77]以四川省自贡市为例,1993年该
[70]陶培荣:“失地农民的利益必须确保”,《农民日报》,5/23/2003.[71]有关中国农民和农村贫困的历史和现状,参见Azizur Khan and Carl Riskin ,Inequality andPoverty in China in the Age of Globalization(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000);Marc Blecher ,“Inequality and Socialism in Rural China :A ConceptualNote,”World Development vol.13,no.1(1985):115-21;Carl Riskin,“RuralPoverty in Post-Reform China,”in Ross Garnaut ,Shutian Guo,and Guonan Ma,eds.,The Third Revolution in the Chinese Countryside(New York:Cambridge UniversityPress ,1996),pp.245-55;Carl Riskin,Zhao Renwei and Li Shi ,eds.,China‘s Retreat from Inequality (New York:M.E.Sharpe ,2001)。 [72]杨建民、沈宗武、金造时:前引文。 [73]出处同注[65].[74]陈锡文:“农民增收需打破制度障碍”(www1.cei.gov.cn/),10/8/2002.[75]伍严:“农民失地怎么办?江苏实施农村新政:土地换社保”,《中国产经新闻报》,11/14/2003.[76]出处同注[65].[77]Scott Rozelle,Guo Li ,MinggaoShen,Amelia Hughart and John Giles,“Leaving China‘s Farms :Survey Resultsof New Paths and Remaining Hurdles to Rural Migration ,”The China Quarterly 158(June 1999):367-393;Elizabeth Croll and Huang Ping ,“Migration for andAgainst Agriculture in Eight Chinese Villages ,”The China Quarterly (March 1997):128-46;Lorraine West and Yaohui Zhao,Rural Labor Flows in China (Berkeley:University of California Press ,2000)。 [78]宿琪:“‘三农’调查报告──土地篇”,《中国选举与治理网》,10/29/2003.[79]出处同上。 [80]Jalan Jyotsna and Martin Ravallion ,“Are the Poor Less Well Insured?Evidence on Vulnerability to Income Risk in Rural China ,”Jounral of DevelopmentEconomics 58(1997):10-23.[81]杨建民、沈宗武、金造时:前引文。 [82]The Constitution of the United States,Amendment V,see George Tindall,America :A Narrative History,2nd.Ed.,vol.1(New York:W.W.Norton ,1988),p.A22.[83]周大伟:“美国土地征用和房屋拆迁中的司法原则和判例:兼议中国城市房屋拆迁管理规范的改革”,《中国选举与治理网》,11/17/2003.[84]韩长赋:“改革土地征用制度,切实保护耕地和农民权益”,《人民日报》,11/1/2003.[85]韩冰洁:“中央一号文件回归三农成为新领导集体关注焦点”,《了望新闻周刊》,1/10/2004.[86]韩长赋:前引文。 [87]周大伟:前引文。 [88]“与农民土地财产保护现状”,《中国选举与治理》,11/16/2003.[89]伍严:前引文。 [90]陶培荣:前引文。 [91]杨建民、沈宗武、金造时:前引文。 [92]周大伟:前引文。 [93]杨建民、沈宗武、金造时:前引文。 [94]B.Needham ,“A Theory of Land Prices When Land is Supplied Publicly:The Case of the Netherlands ,”Urban Studies 29(5)(1992):669-86;Y.J.Shi ,T.T.Phipps ,D.Coler ,“Agricultural Land Values under Urbanising Influences,”Land Economics 73(1)(1997):90-100.[95]周大伟:前引文。 [96]William Parish ,Xiaoye Zhe and Fang Li ,“Nonform Work and the Marketizationof the Chinese Countryside,”The China Quarterly (1995):697-730.[97]韩长赋:前引文。 [98]于建嵘:“农民有组织抗争及其政治风险──湖南省H 县调查”,《战略与管理》,2003年第3期;马晓河:“当前‘三农’问题的症结与解决途径”,《中国经济时报》,8/25/2003.[99]马晓河:前引文。 [100]“放弃土地的农民如何规划小康之路”(www.in.ah.cn/),3/10/2003.[101]林毅夫:《制度、技术与中国农业发展》(上海:上海三联书店,1994);孙立刚:“权力、退出与农民负担问题”,《中国选举与治理网》,4/9/2003.[102]黄海:前引文。 [103]乔新生:“学者新论:中国农村问题三谈”,《人民网》,11/12/2003;KlausDeininger and Soingqing Jin ,“Land Rental Markets as an Alternative to GovernmentReallocation?Equity and Efficiency Considerations in the Chinese Land Tenure System,”World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2930.[104]温铁军:“社区股份合作制与村级民主:两个村的故事”(www.cc.org.cn/),6/3/2000.[105]Ivan Szelenyi ,ed.,Privatizing the Land:Rural Political Economy in Post-socialist Societies(London:Routledge,1998)。 [106]“杜青林诠释中央解决‘三农’问题思路”(www.chinanews.com.cn/home.html),11/27/2003. 了解更多有关房地产法常识,请点击:
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