第三节英文合同的句式结构特点(SentenceStructure)与时态特点(Tense)一、句式结构特点(SentenceStructure)1.句子冗长,结构严谨,语序复杂(prolixity,precisenessandperplexity)英文合同为了准确、严密、清楚地表达,多以庞杂的从句和/或短语并列,语序复杂多变的长句面目出现,很少以简单句为主。A.主句的状语的位置,一般放在助动词后,行为动词前,与基础英语频度副词如;often,sometimes,听听合同。always,never,seldom的位置相同。例如:lTheCompanyshall,atalltimeduringthetermoftheJointVenture,effectandmaintainfullandadequateinsuranceagainstlossordamagebyfireandsuchrisksasarecustomarilyissuedinconnectionwiththeoperationoftheCompany.合资公司应在合资期间的任何时候,就火灾以及此类与公司经营相关的其他风险所造成的损失或损害进行投保,并保持充分和适当的保险。lIf,atanytimeduringtheexecutionoftheWork,theEngineerrequirestheContractortomakebore-holesortocarryoutexploratoryexcavation,suchrequirementshallinaccordancewithClause51,bethesubjectofaninstructionunlessanitemoraProvisionalSuminrespectofsuchworkisincludedintheBillofQuantities.在工程施工过程中的任何时间内,如果工程师要求承包人钻孔或进行勘探性开挖,则根据第51条规定以指示形式下达这一要求,但工程量报价表中已经包括了涉及此类工作的项号或暂定金额者除外。B.从句复杂,从句的状语,往往放在连词之后,从句的句子之前。例如:lIf,atanytimeduringtheexecutionoftheContract,eitherofthePartiestothecontractispreventedfromexecutingtheContractincaseofForceMajeuresuchaswar,seriousfires,flood,typhoonandearthquake,etc.,thetimeforexecutionoftheContractshallbeextendedforaperiodequaltotheaffectofthosecauses.在合同期间的任何时候,合同任一方,由于受到战争、严重火灾、洪水、台风和地震等不可抗力事件的影响而不能履行合同时,合同履行期应予延长,延长期限相当于事件影响的时间。lIf,atthetimeandintheplaceagreedunderSub-Clause37.3,thematerialsorplantarenotreadyforinspectingortestingorif,asaresultoftheinspectionortestingreferredtointhisClause,theEngineerdeterminesthatthematerialsorplantaredefectiveorotherwisenotinaccordancewiththeContract,theEngineermayrejectthematerialsortheplantandshallnotifytheContractthereofimmediately.如果在按第37.3条约定的时间和地点,供检查和检验的材料或工程设备未准备好,或者按本条规定所作的检查或检验结果,其实http://www.5law.cn/info/a/minshang/hetong/2012/0116/112472.html。工程师认为材料或工程设备有缺陷或是不符合合同规定的,则工程师可拒收这些材料或工程设备,并应立即通知承包人。(本句较为复杂,有两个条件从句,一个宾语从句)C.主从复合句,从句经常用简略形式。例如:lApartydissatisfiedwiththejudgmentmay,within15dayuponreceiptofthejudgment,fileanappealtothenextupperPeople'sCourt.如不服本判决,该方可于接到判决之日起十五日内向上一级法院提起上诉。lTheContractorshall,unlessotherwiseprovidedintheContract,makehisownarrangementfortheengagementofallstaffandlabour,localorother,andfortheirpayment,housing,feedingandtransport.除合同另有规定外,承包人应自行安排从当地或其他地方雇用的所有职员和劳务人员,以及他们的报酬、住房、膳食和交通。2.否定前置与倒装(NegativeFrontingandAnastrophe)英语中处理否定的方式一般有两种:一是否定词放在情态动词或助动词后,行为动词前,构成正常的陈述语序;二是否定词放在句首,然后情态动词或助动词与主语位置调换,构成倒装语序。英文合同中含否定意义的句子往往采用后者。例如:否定仅前置:(Fronting)lNothinginArticle12.3shallpreventPartyAoranyofitsaffiliationfromcontinuingtocarryonanyoftheirpresentbusinesses.合同第十二条第三款规定不得妨碍甲方或其分支机构持续经营现有业务。lNeitherparty,withoutpriorconsentoftheother,mayassignortransfertonaythirdpartyanyequityinterestsheldbyitsside.未经对方同意,任一方不得向任何第三人转让其持有的股权。否定倒装:(Anastrophe)lInnoeventshalltheSellerbeliableforlostprofits,delay,injurytogoodwilloranyspecialorconsequentialdamageshowsoeveranyofthesamearecaused.对于利润损失、延误、商誉损害或任何特别或间接的损害赔偿,不论任何原因引起的,卖方概不承担责任。看着合同。lInthiscase,PartyBshallrefundtoPartyAtheamountwhichPartyAhaspaidtoPartyBplustherelatedinterestattherateof10%peryearimmediately,butinnocaseshallsuchrefundingbyPartyBexceeds30daysfromreceiptfromPartyAofthenoticetoterminatethecontract.在此种情况下,乙方应立即返还甲方已支付给乙方的款项并按年利率10%加算利息,但不论怎样乙方该返还不得超过收到甲方终止合同通知后30日。3.被动语态(PassiveVoice)和基础英语一样,英文合同中如果不必知道行为主体、不知道行为主体、想强调行为结果时,就会使用被动语态。被动结构往往作为后置定语、状语或者句子的谓语。例如:来源:(-英文合同解读(四)_kevin_新浪博客lFailuretonotifyPartyAshallbedeemedtobeamaterialbreachofthisAgreement.未能按上述要求通知甲方的,则视为构成实质违约。(作谓语)lSelleragreestosellandtheBuyeragreestobuytheundermentionedgoodssubjecttotermsandconditionssetforthhereinafterasfollows:,按如下列明的条款,卖方同意出售,买方同意购买下述商品:(作后置定语)lTherefore,ExecutiveagreesthattheCompanyshallbeentitledtoaninjunctionrestrainingExecutivefromanyactualorthreatenedbreachofparagraphs7,8or9ortoanyotherappropriateequitableremedywithoutanybondorothersecuritybeingrequired.因此,董事同意本公司无需提供任何保证或其他担保,有权发出申请禁令限制董事任何实际或危及违反7、8或9节的行为或获得任何其他适当衡平救济。(作状语)lThepaymentofalltheexpensesunderthiscontractshallbemadebyM/TthroughBankofChina,ShenzhenBranchandthebankdesignatedbyPartyB.所有合同项下的费用均应通过中国银行深圳分行和乙方指定银行进行支付。(作谓语和后置定语)lUponterminationordissolutionofthePartnership,thepartnershipwillbepromptlyliquidated,withalldebtsbeingpaidfirst,priortoanydistributionoftheremainingfunds.合伙企业一经终止或解散,合伙企业立即清算,在分割剩余财产前,首先偿还所有债务。(作谓语和状语)1.Such…as的用法英文合同力求严密、准确,为避免误解和歧义,常用such…as作关系代词,引导从句,把所修饰的词或短语放在such和as之间来明确含义。例如:lTheEngineershallhaveauthoritytoissuetotheContractor,fromtimetotime,suchsupplementaryDrawingsandinstructionsasshallbenecessaryforthepurposeoftheproperandadequateexecutionandcompletionoftheWorksandtheremedyingofanydefectstherein.工程师有权随时向承包人发出合理和恰当施工、竣工及修补工程缺陷所必须的补充图纸和指令。lBshallprovidesuchinformationanddataasusefulandnecessaryforthenegotiationandappointapersontocooperatewiththerepresentativesfromCorNewCompanyandthePeople'sInsuranceCompanyofChinainchargeofthenegotiation.乙方应向丙方或新公司和主管该谈判的中国人民保险公司提供谈判所需的有用资讯材料并指定人员与上述各方进行配合。lTheEmployeeshallalsocomplywithsuchfutureEmployerpolicies,rules,regulations,performancestandardsandmanualsasmaybepublishedoramendedfromtimetotime.受聘员工也应遵守可随时公布或修改的聘用方今后的政策、守则、规定、行为规范和员工手册。lTheContractorshallprovidethefollowingpersonnelontheSiteforthepurposeoftheexecutionandcompletionoftheWorksandremedyingofanydefects:Onlysuchtechnicalassistantsasareskilledandexperiencedintheirrespectivecallings(fields)andsuchformenandleadinghandsasarecompetenttogivepropersuperintendenceoftheWorks.承包人应为施工、竣工或修补工程缺陷向现场(工地)提供:在本行业中技术熟练,经验丰富的技术助理,和能对工程给予正确监督的监工和领班。lAllmaterial,PlantandWorkmanshipshall,fromtimetotime,besubjecttosuchtestsandinspectionsastheEngineermayrequireattheplaceofmanufacture,fabricationorpreparation,orontheSite,oratsuchotherplaceorplacesasmaybespecifiedintheContract,oratalloranyofsuchplaces.一切材料、工程设备和工艺应随时按工程师可能提出的要求,在制造、装配或准备地点,或在现场,我不知道http://www.5law.cn。或在合同规定的其他地点或若干地点,或在所有此类地点或其中任何地点进行检验。二、时态特点(Tense)由于合同具有预见性,其约定是希望未来发生、可能发生、应避免发生的事宜,所以英文合同中的时态多为一般将来时或一般现在时(从句中多见)。而且往往以"应当做(shalldo)"、"可以做(maydo)"、"必须做(mustdo)"、"不得做(maynot/shallnot)"等表达形式出现来说明当事人的权利、义务。参看第二章第二节,在此不再赘述。也有基础英语常见的will、willnot、todo及do(用于强调语气)的表达形式。绝少看到其他时态和表达方式。例如:lIncasePartyBbecomesdelinquentinthepaymentofanysumduehereunder,PartyAwillbeentitledtosuspendtheperformanceuntilsuchdelinquentiscorrected,andinitiateterminationforcauseinaccordancewithSection10.2.乙方违约未按本协议规定按期支付的,甲方有权中止履行协议,直至该违约得以纠正,甲方还有权于协议第十条第二款规定的事由出现时终止本协议的执行。(Incase从句和until从句中一般现在时,主句用willdo表一般将来时)lLicenseeagreesthatitwillnotduringthetermofthisagreement,orthereafter,attackthetitleoranyrightsofLicensorinandtotheNameorattackthevalidityofthislicense.受许可方同意在本协议期间及其后不以或对许可方名义侵害许可方的所有权或任何权利或侵害该许可的效力。(主句一般现在时,从句用willnot表一般将来时的否定)lTheabovementionedlosstobecalculatedfromthe16thdayafterexpiryofthefreestoragetimeattheportshouldbebornebytheBuyerwiththeexceptionofForceMajeure.上述损失从到港卸货仓储期届满后第16天起算,由买方承担,不可抗力除外。(tobecalculated将来可能需要计算的)lInconsiderationofemploymentwiththeCompany,Idoherebyacknowledgethefactssetoutbelowandagreetobeboundasfollows:考虑到受聘于公司,本人由此认可以下列明事实并同意受其约束:(do强调郑重的语气可不翻译出)当然,在特定的情况下,偶尔也会看到完成时态、进行时态的表达。例如:FromtimetotimeafterLicenseehascommencedsellingthearticlesanduponLicensor'swrittenrequest,LicenseeshallfurnishwithoutcosttoLicensornotmorethanadditionalrandomsamplesofeacharticlebeingmanufacturedandsoldbyLicenseehereunder,togetherwithanycartons,containersandpackingandwrappingmaterialusedinconnectiontherewith.受许可方开始销售产品后,应许可方随时书面要求,不对许可方产生任何附加费用,受许可方应向许可方提供根据本协议正在生产销售的随机样品及其相关的纸箱、集装箱和包装材料。(责任编辑:admin) 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